Examples of Bismarck Model nations include:

Germany

Japan

“The archetypal Bismarck model is the traditional system of Germany, financed by multiple insurers, with employer-based schemes supplemented by the state, in which providers are privately owned and patients have direct access to specialists. “

Source: Bevan, Gwyn, Jan-Kees Helderman, and David Wilsford. Changing Choices in Health Care: Implications for Equity, Efficiency and Cost. Health Economics, Policy and Law 5.3 (2010): 251–267.

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World Health Systems Facts is a project of the Real Reporting Foundation. We provide reliable statistics and other data from authoritative sources regarding health systems and policies in the US and sixteen other nations.

Page last updated March 25, 2025 by Doug McVay, Editor.