Total population, 2021: 51,830,000
Life expectancy at birth, 2019: 83.3
Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births, 2020: 8
Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births, 2021: 3
Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births, 2021: 1
Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population, 2021: 44
Probability of dying from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease between age 30 and exact age 70, 2019: 7.3%
Universal health coverage service coverage index, 2021: 89
Population with household expenditures on health greater than 10% of total household expenditure or income, 2013-2021: 12.0%
Population with household expenditures on health more than 25% of total household expenditure or income, 2013-2021: 2.9%
Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of general government expenditure (GGE), 2020: 13.6%
Density of medical doctors per 10,000 population, 2013-2021: 25.1
Density of nursing and midwifery personnel 2013-2021 per 10,000 population, 2013-2021: 85.3
Density of dentists per 10,000 population, 2013-2021: 5.2
Density of pharmacists per 10,000 population, 2013-2021: 7.7
Source: World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
Population, 2021: 51,830,000
Annual Population Growth Rate, 2020-2030 (%): -0.1%
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2021: 84 years
Share of Urban Population, 2021: 81%
Annual Growth Rate of Urban Population, 2020-2030 (%): 0.0%
Neonatal Mortality Rate, 2021: 1
Infant Mortality Rate, 2021: 2
Under-5 Mortality Rate, 2021: 3
Maternal Mortality Ratio, 2020: 8
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita (Current USD), 2010-2019: $31,846
Share of Household Income, 2010-2019
– Bottom 40%: 21%
– Top 20%: 39%
– Bottom 20%: 8%
Gini Coefficient, 2010-2019: 35
Palma Index of Income Inequality, 2010-2019: 1.4
Note: “Under-5 mortality rate – Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
“Infant mortality rate – Probability of dying between birth and exactly 1 year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
“Neonatal mortality rate – Probability of dying during the first 28 days of life, expressed per 1,000 live births.”
“Maternal mortality ratio – Number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births during the same time period (modelled estimates).”
Gini coefficient – Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Palma index of income inequality – Palma index is defined as the ratio of the richest 10% of the population’s share of gross national income divided by the poorest 40%’s share.
Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children 2023: For every child, vaccination, UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight, Florence, April 2023.
Population, Midyear 2022: 51,815,810
Population Density (Number of Persons per Square Kilometer): 523.69
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2022: 84.02
Infant Mortality Rate, 2022 (per 1,000 live births): 2.29
Under-Five Mortality Rate, 2022 (per 1,000 live births): 2.79
Projected Population, Midyear 2030: 51,290,214
Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2022: 17.49%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2030: 24.98%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2050: 39.39%
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2023). Data Portal, custom data acquired via website. United Nations: New York. Accessed 12 May 2023.
Population Insurance Coverage For A Core Set Of Healthcare Services* (%) (2019):
Public Coverage: 100%; Primary Private Health Coverage: 0%; Total: 100%
*“Population coverage for health care is defined here as the share of the population eligible for a core set of health care services – whether through public programmes or primary private health insurance. The set of services is country-specific but usually includes consultations with doctors, tests and examinations, and hospital care. Public coverage includes both national health systems and social health insurance. On national health systems, most of the financing comes from general taxation, whereas in social health insurance systems, financing typically comes from a combination of payroll contributions and taxation. Financing is linked to ability-to-pay. Primary private health insurance refers to insurance coverage for a core set of services, and can be voluntary or mandatory by law (for some or all of the population.”
Source: OECD (2021), Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en.
Current Health Expenditure As Percentage Of Gross Domestic Product, 2020: 8.36%
Source: Global Health Observatory. Current health expenditure (CHE) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed May 14, 2023.
Current Health Expenditure Per Capita in USD, 2020: $2,642
Source: Global Health Observatory. Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed May 13, 2023.
Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure As Percentage Of Current Health Expenditure, 2020: 27.75%
Source: Global Health Observatory. Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed May 13, 2023.
Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure Per Capita in USD, 2020: $733.3
Source: Global Health Observatory. Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed May 13, 2023.
Annual household out-of-pocket payment in current USD per capita, 2021: $809
Source: Global Health Expenditure Database. Health expenditure series. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed May 13, 2023.
Total Health Spending, USD PPP Per Capita (2021): $4,189
(Note: “Health spending measures the final consumption of health care goods and services (i.e. current health expenditure) including personal health care (curative care, rehabilitative care, long-term care, ancillary services and medical goods) and collective services (prevention and public health services as well as health administration), but excluding spending on investments. Health care is financed through a mix of financing arrangements including government spending and compulsory health insurance (“Government/compulsory”) as well as voluntary health insurance and private funds such as households’ out-of-pocket payments, NGOs and private corporations (“Voluntary”). This indicator is presented as a total and by type of financing (“Government/compulsory”, “Voluntary”, “Out-of-pocket”) and is measured as a share of GDP, as a share of total health spending and in USD per capita (using economy-wide PPPs).”
Source: OECD (2023), Health spending (indicator). doi: 10.1787/8643de7e-en (Accessed on 14 Oct 2023).
“Patterns of health and disease in South Korea must be viewed in the context of several unique national characteristics. First, South Korea is a highly urbanised country. Over 80% of the 52 million inhabitants reside in urban areas, with approximately 50% living in the Seoul capital area.1 Second, South Korea has experienced rapid economic growth,2 transforming the country from one of the poorest in the world at the end of the Korean War in 1953 into an economy with the tenth highest gross domestic product in the world.2, 3 Finally, during rapid industrialisation, South Korea transitioned from private voluntary health insurance to government-mandated universal health coverage (UHC).4 South Korea enacted the Medical Insurance Act in 1963 to establish universal health care.4, 5 To integrate all forms of health insurance under the umbrella of unified national health insurance, the National Health Insurance Service was founded in 2000.6 By 2006, 96·3% of South Koreans had national health insurance (57·7% employed and 38·6% self-employed), with the remaining 3·7% of people covered by medical aid insurance.5 Universal health insurance has improved health-care accessibility for all South Koreans, with South Korea having the highest number of health-care-related consultations per citizen (16·9 times a year) among all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2018.7“
Source: GBD 2019 South Korea BoD Collaborators. Population health outcomes in South Korea 1990-2019, and projections up to 2040: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2023 Aug;8(8):e639-e650. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00122-6. PMID: 37516480; PMCID: PMC10400799.
“The major funding sources of the National Health Insurance Service are premiums paid by individuals who are insured, government subsidies, and taxes on tobacco sales.5 Because funding for the National Health Insurance Service is expected to decrease due to reductions in South Korea’s working-age population, the sustainability of the National Health Insurance Service is uncertain, and projections predict cumulative reserves will run out by 2024.8 The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among older people drives up health-care costs, accounting for approximately 41% of total health expenditures in 2019,9 which is a number that is expected to grow as the population ages.10, 11“
Source: GBD 2019 South Korea BoD Collaborators. Population health outcomes in South Korea 1990-2019, and projections up to 2040: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2023 Aug;8(8):e639-e650. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00122-6. PMID: 37516480; PMCID: PMC10400799.
“Republic of Korea (hereafter, Korea) has introduced a national health insurance (NHI) scheme that includes the compulsory coverage of 97% of the population, except those recipients of Medical Aid that protect the accessibility of care for the poor [5]. However, the benefit coverage of NHI is rather low, indicating that the proportion of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, including copayments for services that have been insured and full payments for uncovered services, is approximately 32.2% of the health expenditure in 2018. This metric is relatively higher than those of Japan (13%), Germany (12.6%), the UK (15.9%), and France (10.2%) [6]. If OOP payments increase excessively, catastrophic consequences for households and the economy may ensue [7]. The World Health Organization (WHO) [8] states that if the ratio of OOP expenses to a household’s ability to pay exceeds a specific threshold, it is considered as “catastrophic health expenditures (CHE),” and this has been adopted as a measure of fairness in financial contribution indicators [8, 9]. Consequently, many studies on CHE have been conducted in Korea for more than a decade, and almost all of these studies have criticized the financial functioning of the Korean NHI scheme, which barely protects households from high OOP expenses [10–12].
“The pricing system of the health care service market in Korea is based on a fee-for-service scheme and NHI is a third-party payer that covers some proportion of medical fees. There are many services in the medical market, most of which are “covered” services managed by NHI, and other “non-covered” services. Notably, NHI covers some proportion of medical costs for services that are covered according to the coinsurance rates, and the rest of the expenses become statutory copayments of patients [13]. At the same time, the patients must make full payments for services such as dental prosthetics, vision correction surgery, manual therapy, and other treatments or medicine based on new health technologies. These uncovered services may have clinical evidence for their treatment effects. However, the NHI does not pay for them due to low economic efficiency or the existence of other alternative medical services.”
Source: Jung, H.W., Kwon, Y.D. & Noh, JW. How public and private health insurance coverage mitigates catastrophic health expenditures in Republic of Korea. BMC Health Serv Res 22, 1042 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08405-4
“The greatest achievement over the past 40 years, since the introduction of Korea’s NHI [National Health Insurance], is the expansion of coverage for the target population. The key success factors of Korea, one of the representative countries that achieved UHC [Universal Health Coverage] within a short period of time, are as follows. The first is changes to the socio-economic conditions. Korea has successfully achieved rapid economic growth by successfully implementing the 5-Year Economic Development Plan (Yoo 2008). There was a strong public demand for health insurance in 1987, and the establishment of the NHI was a promise made during the presidential election. The second factor is the design of health insurance scheme. At launch, health insurance began with low levels of contribution, benefits, and reimbursement owing to the poor financial condition of the government. The current NHI system is the result of expanding coverage systematically, keeping in view individuals with relatively less understanding of the social insurance mechanism. The third contributing factor is the development and implementation of a strategic policy for health insurance. The government imposes mandatory participation, as legal obligation for both insurers and providers, and insurers must provide NHI services. The step-by-step expansion of coverage took into careful consideration the insured’s ability to pay and the insurer’s administrative capacity. By gradually expanding population coverage, Korea established the NHI 12 years after the introducing the health insurance system. Finally, the fourth factor is the use of information technology. In Korea, the government operates the residential identification system. This technology makes efficient management possible, enabling eligibility criteria management, imposition, collection, benefit management, claim review, etc.”
Source: Lee, Y., Kim, S., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, G. (2019). Ethical Consideration of National Health Insurance Reform for Universal Health Coverage in the Republic of Korea. Asian bioethics review, 11(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-019-00079-1.
“As noted thus far, national health insurance finances the Republic of Korea’s health system. The NHI covers about 97% of the population, and the remaining 3% is covered by the Medical Aid Program, a tax-funded program to ensure access to health-care for low-income citizens. In contrast to the public sector-dominant financing, health-care delivery relies heavily on the private sector. This is because the Government has let health-care providers in the private sector directly respond to increases in the demand for health-care that social health insurance has brought about. As of 2012, almost all clinics and about 94% of hospitals were privately owned.
“Public health facilities provide medically necessary services not only for the general public but also target populations at the central, regional, and municipal levels. They include national hospitals, special corporatized public hospitals, regional medical centres, health centres, health subcentres and primary health-care posts.
“Some national hospitals are accountable to the Ministry of Health and Welfare while others are accountable to other ministries. The former include special hospitals such as the National Rehabilitation Center, five psychiatric hospitals, two hospitals for tuberculosis, and one for leprosy. The latter include hospitals targeting specific groups, for example, the National Police Hospital and several hospitals for armed forces. Special corporatized public hospitals, established based on special laws for the public interest, include the National Medical Center, the National Cancer Center and National University Hospitals.
“As of 2012, there were 34 regional medical centres directly under regional governments and 254 health centres accountable to municipalities. Health subcentres and primary health-care posts, numbering 1315 and 1895 respectively as of 2012, provide basic health services in the areas where health centres do not exist or are not easily accessible (MOHW, 2013). There are also hospitals owned by regional governments that provide health services for specific populations such as children, the elderly, and the mentally ill.
“The role and function of health providers is not well differentiated, particularly between clinics and hospitals. Some clinics have inpatient beds while all general hospitals provide outpatient services. There is no gatekeeper in the health-care system. Citizens are not required to register with any health-care provider, even though there are many local clinics. Thus, patients have the freedom to choose health-care provider at any level according to their preference as long as they can afford to pay higher out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in general hospitals and tertiary hospitals. Recently, the concentration of patients in the so-called “big 5” general hospitals has been an issue. The lack of differentiation of health-care providers’ roles and the absence of a gatekeeping system have been highlighted as causes of inefficiency in health-care delivery.”
Source: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2015). Republic of Korea health system review. Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
“Healthcare is financed through National Health Insurance covering the entire population. Other than some of very new and costly technologies, most health-care services, including medical check-ups and cancer screening, are included in the benefits package with relatively high cost-sharing. The role of voluntary health insurance (VHI) in health-care financing is increasing, and its role has been controversial.
“Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments still required in social insurance include co-payments for covered services and full payment for services not included in the benefits package. Patients pay 20% of the cost for insured services in inpatient care, and differential cost-sharing is applied for outpatient care, depending on the level of health provider. The poor are exempted from cost-sharing at the point of service, and vulnerable patient groups have access to discounted co-payment rates. There is a ceiling on OOP payments, with differential ceilings applied to different income groups, but the ceiling applies only to insured services. High OOP payments have been a serious concern and are increasingly driven by payments for uninsured services, most of which involve new technology and medicines with uncertain cost effectiveness.
“For employees, health insurance contributions are proportional to wage income and shared equally between the employee and employer. Health insurance contributions for the self-employed are based on both income and the value of property such as houses and vehicles. As a single payer system, health insurance has a uniform contribution formula and benefits coverage nationwide.
“Social health insurance is managed by quasi-public agencies: the National Health Insurance Service deals with premium collection, risk pooling, fund management, and reimbursement to providers, and Health Insurance Review and Assessment is responsible for claim review, assessment of appropriateness of health-care, technical support to benefit packages and the design of the provider payment system. Fees for services in the benefits package are negotiated annually between the NHIS and provider associations.
“Health-care providers are paid under the fee-for-service system, and due to the dominance of private providers, this has contributed to the rapid increase in health expenditure. Other payment methods include Diagnosis Related Group (DRG)-based prospective payments to acute care providers for seven disease categories and per-diem payments differentiated by 17 disease categories to long-term care hospitals.”
Source: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2015). Republic of Korea health system review. Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
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Page last updated November 28, 2023 by Doug McVay, Editor.
