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Population (in thousands), 2023: 84,548
Annual Population Growth Rate (%), 2023: 0.3%
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2023: 81 years
Share of Urban Population (%), 2023: 78%
Annual Growth Rate of Urban Population (%), 2020-2030: 0.1%
Net Migration Rate (per 1,000 population), 2023: 7.2
Share of Household Income, 2015-2023:
– Bottom 40%: 21%
– Top 20%: 40%
– Bottom 20%: 8%
Gini Coefficient, 2015-2023: 32
Palma Index of Income Inequality, 2015-2023: 1.2
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita (Current US$), 2015-2023: $52,746

Notes: Share of household income – Percentage of income received by the 20 per cent of households with the highest income, by the 40 per cent of households with the lowest income and by the 20 per cent of households with the lowest income.
Gini Coefficient – Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Palma Index of income inequality – Palma index is defined as the ratio of the richest 10% of the population’s share of gross national income divided by the poorest 40%’s share.
GDP per capita (current US$) – GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current US dollars.
Government revenue as percentage of GDP – Revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.
Government expenditure – General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defence and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.

Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children 2024: The Future of Childhood in a Changing World – Statistical Compendium. UNICEF, Nov. 20, 2024.

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Population, Midyear 2022: 83,369,843
Population Density (Number of Persons per Square Kilometer): 239.18
Projected Population, Midyear 2030: 82,762,676
Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2022: 22.41%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2030: 26.39%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2050: 30.48%

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2023). Data Portal, custom data acquired via website. United Nations: New York. Accessed 12 May 2023.

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Life expectancy at birth, 2021: 80.8
Share of the population aged 65 and over, 2021: 22.0%
Share of the population aged 65 and over, 2050: 28.1%
Share of the population aged 80 and over, 2021: 4.8%
Share of the population aged 80 and over, 2050: 10.2%
Adults aged 65 and over rating their own health as good or very good, 2021: 38%
Adults aged 65 and over rating their own health as poor or very poor, by income, 2021
– Lowest quintile: 30%
– Highest quintile: 14%
– Total: 23%

Source: OECD (2023), Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi.org/10.1787/7a7afb35-en.

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“As of December 2018, Germany had some 83 million inhabitants (42 million women and 41 million men). Population density in the eastern part of the country is lower than in the western part and also varies considerably between the 16 states, ranging from 69 inhabitants per km2 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to 3948 inhabitants per km2 in Berlin. Berlin is the country’s capital and, with 3.7 million residents, its largest city.

“The number of inhabitants had started to decrease from 2005 and reached its lowest point in 2011* but since then has grown steadily, with a sharp increase since 2015 (Table 1.1). Since the fertility rate has remained relatively constant, population growth is mainly due to the positive migration balance in recent years (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2019a). Immigration peaked in 2015 with 2.1 million immigrants and a net migration of 1.1 million people. Net migration to Germany decreased again in the three following years (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, 2019).

“Similar to the rest of the European Union (EU), the German population is ageing and trends in the population age distribution are expected to become more pronounced in the future. The share of the population under 15 years of age, for example, was 13.1% both in 1995 and 2018, whereas the share of those aged 65 or older exceeds that of younger people and increased from 15.5% to 21.7% (Table 1.1). This is the second highest share among EU Member States after Italy. In addition, the share of the population aged 80 or older increased from 4% in 1995 to 6% in 2018 and is expected to increase to between 9% and 13% by 2060 (depending on the underlying assumptions of different forecasting models), which will have a considerable impact on health and long-term care services (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2019a); see Section 5.8 Long-term care.”

Source: Blümel M, Spranger A, Achstetter K, Maresso A, Busse R. Germany: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2020; 22(6): pp.i–273.

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World Health Systems Facts is a project of the Real Reporting Foundation. We provide reliable statistics and other data from authoritative sources regarding health systems and policies in the US and sixteen other nations.

Page last updated November 6, 2025 by Doug McVay, Editor.