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Life expectancy at birth (years), 2021: 77.1 years
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births), 2023: 3
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births), 2023: 2.6
Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births), 2023: 1.3
New HIV infections (per 1000 uninfected population), 2023: <0.1
Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 population), 2023: 4.8
Probability of dying from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease between age 30 and exact age 70 (%), 2021: 14.2%
Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population), 2021: 13.3
Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 women aged 15-19 years), 2015-2024: 7.2
Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 women aged 10-14 years), 2015-2024: 0.1
Universal Health Coverage: Service coverage index, 2021: ≥80
Population with household expenditures on health > 10% of total household expenditure or income (%), 2015-2021: 4.64%
Population with household expenditures on health > 25% of total household expenditure or income (%), 2015-2021: 0.83%
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%), 2023: 94%
Measles-containing-vaccine second-dose (MCV2) immunization coverage by the locally recommended age (%), 2023: 90%
Human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization coverage estimates among 15 year-old girls (%), 2023: 72%
Density of medical doctors (per 10,000 population), 2015-2023: 43.52
Density of nursing and midwifery personnel (per 10,000 population), 2016-2023: 95.3
Density of dentists (per 10,000 population), 2016-2023: 7.39
Density of pharmacists (per 10,000 population), 2015-2023: 7.18
Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of general government expenditure (GGE) (%), 2022: 16.73%
Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%), 2024: 2.4%
Prevalence of overweight in children under 5 (%), 2024: 6.6%
Prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15-49 years (%), 2023: 24.6%

Source: World health statistics 2025: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Tables of health statistics by country and area, WHO region and globally. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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Health expenditure per capita, USD PPP, 2022
– Government/compulsory: $3,872
– Voluntary/Out-of-pocket: $640
– Total: $4,512
Health expenditure as a share of GDP, 2022
– Government/compulsory: 7.8%
– Voluntary/out-of-pocket: 1.3%
Health expenditure by type of financing, 2021
– Government schemes: 15.45%
– Compulsory health insurance: 70.97%
– Voluntary health insurance: 0.06%
– Out-of-pocket: 12.73%
– Other: 0.8%
Out-of-pocket spending on health as share of final household consumption, 2021: 2.7%
Price levels in the healthcare sector, 2021 (OECD average = 100): 35
Population reporting unmet needs for medical care, by income level, 2021
– Lowest quintile: 0.7%
– Highest quintile: 0.5%
– Total: 0.3%
Main reason for reporting unmet needs for medical care, 2021
– Waiting list: 0.2%
– Too expensive: 0.0%
– Too far to travel: 0.1%
Population reporting unmet needs for dental care, by income level, 2021
– Lowest quintile: 1.2%
– Highest quintile: 0.4%
– Total: 0.6%
Population coverage for a core set of services, 2021
– Total public coverage: 100%
Population aged 15 years and over rating their own health as bad or very bad, 2021: 8.6%
Population aged 15 years and over rating their own health as good or very good, by income quintile, 2021
– Highest quintile: 83.5%
– Lowest quintile: 51.8%
– Total: 67.7%
Life expectancy at birth, 2021: 77.2 years
Infant mortality, deaths per 1,000 live births, 2021: 2.2
Maternal mortality rate, deaths per 100,000 live births, 2020: 3.4
Congestive heart failure hospital admission in adults, age-sex standardized rate per 100,000 population, 2021: 357
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions in adults, age-sex standardized rate per 100,000 population, 2021: 119
Hospital workforce per 1,000 population, 2021
– Physicians: 2.65
– Nurses and midwives: 6.16
– Healthcare assistants: 2.14
– Other health service providers: 2.17
– Other staff: 3.01
Practicing doctors per 1,000 population, 2021: 4.3
Share of different categories of doctors, 2021
– General practitioners: 16.9%
– Specialists: 79.3%
– Other doctors: 3.8%
Share of foreign-trained doctors, 2021: 7.6%
Medical graduates per 100,000 population, 2021: 17.0
Practicing nurses per 1,000 population, 2021: 9.0
Nursing graduates per 100,000 population, 2021: 37.4
Ratio of nurses to doctors, 2021: 2.1
Practicing pharmacists per 100,000 population, 2021: 72
Community pharmacies per 100,000 population, 2021: 23
Remuneration of doctors, ratio to average wage, 2021
– Specialists
– Salaried: 2.6
Remuneration of hospital nurses, ratio to average wage, 2021: 1.5
Remuneration of hospital nurses, USD PPP, 2021: $47,000
Hospital beds per 1,000 population, 2021: 6.7
Average length of stay in hospital, 2021: 9.6 days
Average number of in-person doctor consultations per person, 2021: 7.8
CT scanners per million population, 2021: 17
CT exams per 1,000 population, 2021: 120
MRI units per million population, 2021: 12
MRI exams per 1,000 population, 2021: 66
PET scanners per million population, 2021: 2
PET exams per 1,000 population, 2021: 5
Proportion of primary care practices using electronic medical records, 2016: 78%
Expenditure on retail pharmaceuticals per capita, USD PPP, 2021
– Prescription medicines: $396
– Over-the-counter medicines: $137
– Total: $534
Expenditure on retail pharmaceuticals by type of financing, 2021:
– Government/compulsory schemes: 54%
– Voluntary health insurance schemes: 0%
– Out-of-pocket spending: 46%
– Other: 0%
Share of the population aged 65 and over, 2021: 20.5%
Share of the population aged 65 and over, 2050: 28.3%
Share of the population aged 80 and over, 2021: 4.3%
Share of the population aged 80 and over, 2050: 8.7%
Adults aged 65 and over rating their own health as good or very good, 2021: 28%
Adults aged 65 and over rating their own health as poor or very poor, by income, 2021
– Lowest quintile: 27%
– Highest quintile: 12%
– Total: 21%
Limitations in daily activities in adults aged 65 and over, 2021:
– Severe limitations: 16%
– Some limitations: 37%
Share of adults aged 65 and over receiving long-term care, 2021: 11.5%
Estimated prevalence of dementia per 1,000 population, 2021: 17.2
Estimated prevalence of dementia per 1,000 population, 2040: 27.7
Total long-term care spending as a share of GDP, 2021: 1.9%
Long-term care workers per 100 people aged 65 and over, 2021: 2.4
Share of informal carers among the population aged 50 and over, 2019
– Daily carers: 10%
– Weekly carers: 9%
– Total: 19%
Share of long-term care workers who work part time or on fixed contracts, 2021
– Part-time: 6.6%
– Fixed-term contract: 8.5%
Average hourly wages of personal care workers, as a share of economy-wide average wage, 2018
– Residential (facility-based) care: 83%
– Home-based care: 74%
Long-term care beds in institutions and hospitals per 1,000 population aged 65 years and over, 2021
– Institutions: 34.9
– Hospitals: 9.3
Long-term care recipients aged 65 and over receiving care at home, 2021: 81%
Total long-term care spending by provider, 2021
– Nursing home: 38%
– Hospital: 14%
– Home care: 2%
– Households: 20%
– Social providers: 24%
– Other: 2%

Source: OECD (2023), Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi.org/10.1787/7a7afb35-en.

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Population, 2021: 10,511,000
Annual Population Growth Rate, 2020-2030 (%): 0.0%
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2021: 78
Share of Urban Population, 2021: 74%
Annual Growth Rate of Urban Population, 2020-2030 (%): 0.2%
Neonatal Mortality Rate, 2021: 1
Infant Mortality Rate, 2021: 2
Under-5 Mortality Rate, 2021: 3
Maternal Mortality Ratio, 2020: 3
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita (Current USD), 2010-2019: $23,490
Share of Household Income, 2010-2019
– Bottom 40%: 25%
– Top 20%: 36%
– Bottom 20%: 10%
Gini Coefficient, 2010-2019: 24
Palma Index of Income Inequality, 2010-2019: 0.8

Note: “Under-5 mortality rate – Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
“Infant mortality rate – Probability of dying between birth and exactly 1 year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
“Neonatal mortality rate – Probability of dying during the first 28 days of life, expressed per 1,000 live births.”
“Maternal mortality ratio – Number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births during the same time period (modelled estimates).”
Gini coefficient – Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Palma index of income inequality – Palma index is defined as the ratio of the richest 10% of the population’s share of gross national income divided by the poorest 40%’s share.

Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children 2023: For every child, vaccination, UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight, Florence, April 2023.

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Population, Midyear 2022: 10,493,986
Population Density (Number of Persons per Square Kilometer): 135.93
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2022: 78.13
Infant Mortality, 2022 (per 1,000 live births): 2.35
Under-Five Mortality Rate, 2022 (per 1,000 live births): 2.87
Projected Population, Midyear 2030: 10,515,199
Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2022: 20.64%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2030: 21.65%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2050: 26.14%

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2023). Data Portal, custom data acquired via website. United Nations: New York. Accessed 12 May 2023.

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Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$, 2022: $2,431.08

Source: Global Health Observatory. Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) per capita in US$, 2022: $347.34

Source: Global Health Observatory. Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%), 2022: 14.29%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%), 2022: 15.23%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) per capita in US$, 2022: $370.21

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%), 2022: 84.77%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (%), 2022: 7.46%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) per capita in US$, 2022: $2,060.88

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Current Health Expenditure As Percentage Of Gross Domestic Product, 2020: 9.24%

Annual household out-of-pocket payment in current USD per capita, 2020: $244

Source: Global Health Expenditure Database. Health expenditure series. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed May 13, 2023.

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“Since the early 1990s, Czechia has had a system of social health insurance (SHI), heavily regulated by the government. Seven public health insurance funds currently act as payers and purchasers of care. However, the market is concentrated: the largest health insurance fund (VZP) insures 56 % of the population. Competition between funds is limited. Health insurance is compulsory, and health care access virtually universal. All Czechs enjoy a broad benefits package, but the health insurance funds may differ in additional services offered to those insured (such as payment contributions for non-mandatory immunisations).

“The Ministry of Health is the key regulatory body in charge of setting health care policy, supervising the system and running several health care providers; it was also the leading authority during the COVID-19 crisis (Box 2). It oversees and works closely with its subsidiary bodies: the National Institute of Public Health, the Institute of Health Information and Statistics, the State Institute for Drug Control and the regional public health authorities – all of which gained in importance during the pandemic.

“Many providers are owned by the state (including most teaching hospitals and specialised centres), the regions or municipalities.”

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“The health system in Czechia has three main organizational features:

“1. SHI [Statutory Health Insurance] with virtually universal membership and a broad benefits package, funded primarily through compulsory, wage-based contributions and government transfers from general taxes;

“2. Diversity of provision, with outpatient care providers (mainly private)and hospitals (mainly publicly owned, with different legal forms)contracted by HIFs [Health Insurance Funds]; and

“3. Joint negotiations by key actors within defined segments of care and reimbursement issues, supervised by the government.

“The universal accessibility of health care is stipulated by legislation, particularly the Health Insurance Act (Zákon o veřejném zdravotním pojištění 48/1997 Sb). Membership in one of seven HIFs is compulsory for all Czech citizens residing in the country, including the self-employed, as well as for permanent residents of Czechia and foreigners employed by companies based in Czechia. HIFs compete for insured individuals through a variety of supplementary benefits to the standard benefits package. In setting the health policy agenda, the Ministry of Health (Ministerstvo zdravotnictví, MZČR) and its agencies are the most influential, together with HIFs and – to a lesser extent – professional associations (see Fig.2.1).”

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“The Ministry of Health is the central administrative body for health system stewardship, and its responsibilities include ensuring the protection of public health; licensing health professionals (including dentists); defining networks of highly specialized care centres; administering and regulating health care facilities under its direct management; exploring and regulating natural curative sources (for example, spas and natural mineral waters) and supervision (jointly with the Ministry of Finance). Czechia’s 14 regions play a major role via their ownership of health facilities and for registering private facilities. In addition, regions also coordinate emergency care directly and their planning capacities have been strengthened for instance via Regional Healthcare Concepts to address relevant issues within their regions. In addition, the seven health insurance funds (HIFs) have a major role in financing statutory health insurance (SHI) contributions and contracting a network of providers to comply with the care accessibility requirements (time and distance) set by law.

“The principles of free patient choice, high financial protection and universal membership with one of the HIFs remain the core of the Czech SHI system. Compulsory membership for all Czech citizens residing in the country, including the self-employed, as well as for permanent residents of Czechia and most other foreign residents, results in near universal coverage. Moreover, a large portion of the population is exempt from paying SHI contributions due to being classified as “economically inactive” (including students, pensioners and the unemployed).

“The range of benefits covered by SHI in Czechia is very broad and includes inpatient and outpatient care, prescription pharmaceuticals, some dental procedures, rehabilitation, spa treatments and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals (the last three if prescribed by a physician) and long-term care when provided in hospitals. Due to this broad coverage, voluntary health insurance plays only a marginal role.”

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“Participation in publicly financed health coverage is compulsory for all permanent residents and people working in the Czech Republic. Health insurance funds are autonomous public organizations that collect contributions from their members and purchase health services on their behalf. The largest public insurer is the General Health Insurance Fund of the Czech Republic, which enrols about half of the population. Seven other health insurance funds cover the rest of the population. The government pays contributions on behalf of economically inactive people (children, students, unemployed people and pensioners).

“Migrants from outside the EU who are not employed (children, pensioners, students or the self-employed) are excluded from publicly financed health coverage. The law requires that they are covered by their home country or purchase private health insurance covering basic health care benefits.

“Before 2008, people only paid user charges for prescription medicines. In 2008, the government introduced the following user charges: Czech koruna (CZK) 30 (about €1.2; the average exchange rate in 2008 was €1=CZK 25) for each outpatient visit; CZK 30 (€1.2) for each item on a prescription (changed to CZK 30 per prescription in 2012); CZK 60 (€2.4) per inpatient day (raised to CZK 100 in 2011); and CZK 90 (€3.6) for emergency services. There is a yearly cap on some user charges.”

Source: Martin Dlouhy. “Czech Republic.” In Voluntary health insurance in Europe: Country experience [Internet]. Sagan A, Thomson S, editors. Copenhagen (Denmark): European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2016. Observatory Studies Series, No. 42.

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“VHI [Voluntary Health Insurance] plays two roles: a substitutive role for nonemployed foreigners (migrants) from non-EU countries and a supplementary role providing access to above-standard hospital rooms and dental services. In addition, insurers offer (under the misleading name of private health insurance) policies that cover cash benefits in case of illness or hospital admission. There are also insurance policies that cover the costs of acute care abroad for people travelling outside the EU. These types of policies are not described here.

“The role of substitutive private health insurance for foreigners has increased as the number of migrant workers from non-EU countries has grown – for example, in October 2012, there were 104 438 migrants from Ukraine and 56 623 from Vietnam (Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, 2015) – and with stricter control of the possession of health insurance by immigration police. A valid health insurance policy is a legal requirement for a long-term residence permit. The number of migrants with private health insurance is not known and there are many foreigners who do not have either public or private health insurance. These people usually work without a formal job contract.”

Source: Martin Dlouhy. “Czech Republic.” In Voluntary health insurance in Europe: Country experience [Internet]. Sagan A, Thomson S, editors. Copenhagen (Denmark): European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2016. Observatory Studies Series, No. 42.

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World Health Systems Facts is a project of the Real Reporting Foundation. We provide reliable statistics and other data from authoritative sources regarding health systems and policies in the US and sixteen other nations.

Page last updated July 28, 2025 by Doug McVay, Editor.