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Life expectancy at birth (years), 2021: 81.6 years
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births), 2023: 12
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births), 2023: 5.1
Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births), 2023: 3.4
Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 population), 2023: 5.8
Probability of dying from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease between age 30 and exact age 70 (%), 2021: 9.7%
Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population), 2021: 9.4
Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 women aged 15-19 years), 2015-2024: 4.5
Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 women aged 10-14 years), 2015-2024: 0.0
Universal Health Coverage: Service coverage index, 2021: ≥80
Population with household expenditures on health > 10% of total household expenditure or income (%), 2015-2021: 3.5%
Population with household expenditures on health > 25% of total household expenditure or income (%), 2015-2021: 0.8%
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%), 2023: 92%
Measles-containing-vaccine second-dose (MCV2) immunization coverage by the locally recommended age (%), 2023: 79%
Pneumococcal conjugate 3rd dose (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year olds (%), 2023: 85%
Human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization coverage estimates among 15 year-old girls (%), 2023: 86%
Density of medical doctors (per 10,000 population), 2015-2023: 28.19
Density of nursing and midwifery personnel (per 10,000 population), 2016-2023: 112.57
Density of dentists (per 10,000 population), 2016-2023: 6.53
Density of pharmacists (per 10,000 population), 2015-2023: 11.42
Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of general government expenditure (GGE) (%), 2022: 19.5%
Prevalence of overweight in children under 5 (%), 2024: 11.4%
Prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15-49 years (%), 2023: 14.0%

Source: World health statistics 2025: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Tables of health statistics by country and area, WHO region and globally. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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Population (in thousands), 2023: 39,299
Annual Population Growth Rate (%), 2023: 1.2%
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2023: 83 years
Share of Urban Population (%), 2023: 82%
Annual Growth Rate of Urban Population (%), 2020-2030: 0.9%
Net Migration Rate (per 1,000 population), 2023: 11.0
Under-Five Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births), 2022: 5
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births), 2022: 4
Neonatal Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births), 2022: 3
Mortality Rate Among Children Aged 5-14 Years (per 1,000 children aged 5), 2022: 1
Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births), 2020: 11
Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death (1 in x), 2020: 1 in 6,532
Immunization for Vaccine Preventable Diseases (%), 2023:
– Percentage of surviving infants who received the first dose of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine: 94%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine: 92%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of the polio vaccine: 92%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received the first dose of the measles-containing vaccine: 92%
– Percentage of children who received the second dose of measles-containing vaccine as per national schedule: 79%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine: 83%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: 90%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received the last dose of rotavirus vaccine as recommended: 87%
– Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: 85%
Adolescent Birth Rate (Births Per 1,000 Adolescent Girls and Young Women), 2017-2023:
– Aged 10-14: 0
– Aged 15-19: 5
Share of Household Income, 2015-2023:
– Bottom 40%: 21%
– Top 20%: 39%
– Bottom 20%: 7%
Gini Coefficient, 2015-2023: 32
Palma Index of Income Inequality, 2015-2023: 1.2
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita (Current US$), 2015-2023: $53,372
Government Expenditure on Health as % of GDP, 2015-2023: 8.0%
Government Expenditure on Health as % of Government Budget, 2015-2023: 19.2%

Notes: Under-five mortality rate – Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
Infant mortality rate – Probability of dying between birth and exactly 1 year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
Neonatal mortality rate – Probability of dying during the first 28 days of life, expressed per 1,000 live births.
Mortality rate (children aged 5 to 14 years) – Probability of dying at age 5–14 years expressed per 1,000 children aged 5.
Maternal mortality ratio – Number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births during the same time period (modelled estimates).
Lifetime risk of maternal death – Lifetime risk of maternal death takes into account both the probability of becoming pregnant and the probability of dying as a result of that pregnancy, accumulated across a woman’s reproductive years (modelled estimates).
BCG – Percentage of live births who received bacilli Calmette-Guérin (vaccine against tuberculosis).
DTP1 – Percentage of surviving infants who received the first dose of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine.
DTP3 – Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccine.
Polio3 – Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of the polio vaccine.
MCV1 – Percentage of surviving infants who received the first dose of the measles-containing vaccine.
MCV2 – Percentage of children who received the second dose of measles-containing vaccine as per national schedule.
HepB3 – Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine.
Hib3 – Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.
Rota – Percentage of surviving infants who received the last dose of rotavirus vaccine as recommended.
PCV3 – Percentage of surviving infants who received three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
Protection at birth (PAB) – Percentage of newborns protected at birth against tetanus with tetanus toxoid.
Adolescent birth rate – Number of births per 1,000 adolescent girls and young women aged 10–14 and
15–19.
Share of household income – Percentage of income received by the 20 per cent of households with the highest income, by the 40 per cent of households with the lowest income and by the 20 per cent of households with the lowest income.
Gini Coefficient – Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Palma Index of income inequality – Palma index is defined as the ratio of the richest 10% of the population’s share of gross national income divided by the poorest 40%’s share.
GDP per capita (current US$) – GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current US dollars.
Government revenue as percentage of GDP – Revenue is cash receipts from taxes, social contributions, and other revenues such as fines, fees, rent, and income from property or sales. Grants are also considered as revenue but are excluded here.
Government expenditure – General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defence and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.

Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children 2024: The Future of Childhood in a Changing World – Statistical Compendium. UNICEF, Nov. 20, 2024.

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Health expenditure per capita, USD PPP, 2022
– Government/compulsory: $4,506
– Voluntary/Out-of-pocket: $1,813
– Total: $6,319
Health expenditure as a share of GDP, 2022
– Government/compulsory: 8.0%
– Voluntary/out-of-pocket: 3.2%
Health expenditure by type of financing, 2021
– Government schemes: 72%
– Compulsory health insurance: 1%
– Voluntary health insurance: 11%
– Out-of-pocket: 14%
– Other: 2%
Out-of-pocket spending on health as share of final household consumption, 2021: 3.3%
Price levels in the healthcare sector, 2021 (OECD average = 100): 110
Population coverage for a core set of services, 2021
– Total public coverage: 100%
– Primary private health coverage:
Population aged 15 years and over rating their own health as bad or very bad, 2021: 2.8%
Population aged 15 years and over rating their own health as good or very good, by income quintile, 2021
– Highest quintile: 93.0%
– Lowest quintile: 80.0%
– Total: 88.3%
Life expectancy at birth, 2021: 81.6
Infant mortality, deaths per 1,000 live births, 2021: 4.5
Maternal mortality rate, deaths per 100,000 live births, 2020: 11.0
Congestive heart failure hospital admission in adults, age-sex standardized rate per 100,000 population, 2021: 161
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions in adults, age-sex standardized rate per 100,000 population, 2021: 132
Hospital workforce per 1,000 population, 2021
– Physicians: 0.99
– Nurses and midwives: 6.44
– Healthcare assistants: 1.54
– Other health service providers: 2.49
– Other staff: 5.86
Practicing doctors per 1,000 population, 2021: 2.8
Share of different categories of doctors, 2021
– General practitioners: 47.4%
– Specialists: 52.6%
Share of foreign-trained doctors, 2021: 24.0%
Medical graduates per 100,000 population, 2021: 7.5
Practicing nurses per 1,000 population, 2021: 10.3
Share of foreign-trained nurses, 2021: 8.8%
Nursing graduates per 100,000 population, 2021: 52.7
Ratio of nurses to doctors, 2021: 3.7
Practicing pharmacists per 100,000 population, 2021: 105
Community pharmacies per 100,000 population, 2021: 30
Remuneration of doctors, ratio to average wage, 2021
– General Practitioners
– Self-employed: 2.7
– Specialists
– Self-employed: 4.2
Remuneration of hospital nurses, ratio to average wage, 2021: 1.1
Remuneration of hospital nurses, USD PPP, 2021: $60,000
Hospital beds per 1,000 population, 2021: 2.6
Average length of stay in hospital, 2021: 7.8 days
Average number of in-person doctor consultations per person, 2021: 4.7
CT scanners per million population, 2021: 15
CT exams per 1,000 population, 2021: 144
MRI units per million population, 2021: 10
MRI exams per 1,000 population, 2021: 62
PET scanners per million population, 2021: 2
PET exams per 1,000 population, 2021: 3
Proportion of primary care practices using electronic medical records, 2021: 86%
Expenditure on retail pharmaceuticals per capita, USD PPP, 2021
– Prescription medicines: $746
– Over-the-counter medicines: $68
– Total: $814
Expenditure on retail pharmaceuticals by type of financing, 2021:
– Government/compulsory schemes: 40%
– Voluntary health insurance schemes: 34%
– Out-of-pocket spending: 26%
Share of the population aged 65 and over, 2021: 18.5
Share of the population aged 65 and over, 2050: 23.6
Share of the population aged 80 and over, 2021: 4.6%
Share of the population aged 80 and over, 2050: 8.6%
Adults aged 65 and over rating their own health as good or very good, 2021: 81%
Share of adults aged 65 and over receiving long-term care, 2021: 3.5%
Estimated prevalence of dementia per 1,000 population, 2021: 15.2
Estimated prevalence of dementia per 1,000 population, 2040: 22.9
Total long-term care spending as a share of GDP, 2021: 2.3%
Long-term care workers per 100 people aged 65 and over, 2021: 3.8
Share of long-term care workers who work part time or on fixed contracts, 2021
– Part-time: 57.2%
Long-term care beds in institutions and hospitals per 1,000 population aged 65 years and over, 2021
– Institutions: 46.7
– Hospitals: 2.5
Total long-term care spending by provider, 2021
– Nursing home: 66%
– Hospital: 13%
– Home care: 19%
– Households: 0%
– Social providers: 0%
– Other: 2%

Source: OECD (2023), Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi.org/10.1787/7a7afb35-en.

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Population, Midyear 2022: 38,454,327
Population Density (Number of Persons per Square Kilometer): 4.23
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2022: 82.85
Infant Mortality Rate, 2022 (per 1,000 live births): 3.94
Under-Five Mortality Rate, 2022 (per 1,000 live births): 4.58
Projected Population, Midyear 2030: 41,008,596
Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2022: 19.03%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2030: 22.84%
Projected Percentage of Total Population Aged 65 and Older, Midyear 2050: 25.46%

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2023). Data Portal, custom data acquired via website. United Nations: New York. Accessed 12 May 2023.

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Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$, 2022: $6,255.03

Source: Global Health Observatory. Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) per capita in US$, 2022: $929.07

Source: Global Health Observatory. Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%), 2022: 14.85%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%), 2022: 28.79%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) per capita in US$, 2022: $1,800.61

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic private health expenditure (PVT-D) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%), 2022: 71.21%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (%), 2022: 8%

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (%). Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) per capita in US$, 2022: $4,454.41

Source: Global Health Observatory. Domestic general government health expenditure (GGHE-D) per capita in US$. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed Jan. 23, 2025.

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Total Health Spending, USD PPP Per Capita (2022): $6,319

(Note: “Health spending measures the final consumption of health care goods and services (i.e. current health expenditure) including personal health care (curative care, rehabilitative care, long-term care, ancillary services and medical goods) and collective services (prevention and public health services as well as health administration), but excluding spending on investments. Health care is financed through a mix of financing arrangements including government spending and compulsory health insurance (“Government/compulsory”) as well as voluntary health insurance and private funds such as households’ out-of-pocket payments, NGOs and private corporations (“Voluntary”). This indicator is presented as a total and by type of financing (“Government/compulsory”, “Voluntary”, “Out-of-pocket”) and is measured as a share of GDP, as a share of total health spending and in USD per capita (using economy-wide PPPs).”

Source: OECD (2023), Health spending (indicator). doi: 10.1787/8643de7e-en (Accessed on 13 December 2023).

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“Canada has a predominantly publicly financed health system with approximately 70% of health expenditures financed through the general tax revenues of the federal, provincial and territorial (FPT) governments. The provinces and territories (PTs) have primary responsibility for financing, regulating and administering universal health coverage (medicare) for their residents. They also provide partial coverage for other health goods and services (non-medicare services), including prescription medicines coverage and long-term care, for some segments of the population. The term medicare refers to these publicly funded universal health coverage (UHC) systems that fall under the federal standards and oversight through the Canada Health Act. Provincial governments delegated significant responsibilities for administration and delivery of publicly funded health services to arm’s-length agencies within defined geographical areas but, in recent years, there has been a trend towards greater administrative centralization by single provincial agencies. In addition to setting and administering national standards, the federal government is responsible for health coverage for specific subpopulations including military and prison inmates, and for funding non-medicare services for some Indigenous populations. It also has a strategic role in terms of setting national standards for medicare, funding and facilitating data gathering and research, and regulating prescription medicines and medical devices.”

Source: Marchildon G.P., Allin S., Merkur S. Canada: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2020; 22(3): i–194.

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“PT [Provincial and Territorial] ministries of health are the principal third-party payers in Canada. All these governments administer their own single-payer medicare coverage systems under their own legislation and regulations. As the principal payers, provincial ministries and health authorities work through, and contract with, a range of independent health care organizations including hospitals, day surgeries, diagnostic clinics, medical laboratories, emergency transportation companies, LTC organizations and primary health clinics.”

Source: Marchildon G.P., Allin S., Merkur S. Canada: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2020; 22(3): i–194.

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“Canada is ranked seventh in the share of GDP spent on health among OECD countries and Canada’s recent experience in terms of the growth of health spending as a share of the economy is similar to other OECD countries. Almost all revenues for publicly funded health spending come from the general tax revenues of FPT [Federal, Provincial, and Territorial] governments, a considerable portion of which is used to provide universal medicare. The remaining amount is used to subsidize other types of health care (non-UHC [Universal Health Coverage]/medicare) including long term care and prescription medicines. Over 20% of PT [Provincial and Territorial] health financing is from the Canada Health Transfer, a cash transfer from the federal governments to the PTs. Since 2014, the Canada Health Transfer is provided on a purely per capita basis and does not account for differences in population needs or costs of delivering health care.

“Canada’s share of private health expenditures has been stable over the past 20 years but is high when compared with some other OECD countries due to the narrowness of UHC that excludes major health goods and services such as prescription medications. The role of private finance has seen a slight shift away from out-of-pocket (OOP) spending toward private health insurance, in part because of the importance of employment-based private insurance for non-medicare goods and services including prescription medicines, dental care and vision care.”

Source: Marchildon G.P., Allin S., Merkur S. Canada: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2020; 22(3): i–194.

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“The Canadian health system, governed by the Canada Health Act of 1984, provides universal population coverage. The benefit package includes inpatient and most outpatient care but excludes some important categories including outpatient prescription drugs, dental, or vision care. This results in substantial OOP [Out-Of-Pocket] due to direct payments, mostly for pharmaceuticals. It is difficult to generalize much beyond this because each of the 13 provinces and territories chooses the extent to which it covers such services. For example, each has its own pharmacy benefits program and formulary and the prevalence of complementary VHI [Voluntary Health Insurance] coverage also varies. Complementary insurance covers many of the potential OOP costs and some provinces require employers to provide it for employees. Furthermore, beginning in 2010 most provinces adopted catastrophic income-based pharmacy insurance that protects individuals for catastrophic costs in purchasing medications. In almost all cases the OOP costs for the very poor are covered through a variety of federal and provincial programs. Since the number of changes has been limited, OOP has grown moderately in the period 2004–2014. Some provincial innovations stand out. Ontario is implementing publicly funded universal comprehensive drug coverage, called “pharmacare,” for children and youth.”

Source: Rice, Thomas et al. “Revisiting out-of-pocket requirements: trends in spending, financial access barriers, and policy in ten high-income countries.” BMC health services research vol. 18,1 371. 18 May. 2018, doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3185-8.

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“Canada is a federation, so the design of the Canadian health care system derives from the allocation of responsibilities in Canada’s constitutional documents between the federal government and the provincial governments. The British North America Act of 1867 and the 1982 Constitution assign responsibility for health care to provincial governments and provide the federal government with extensive revenue-raising power. Consequently, Canada’s health care system comprises 13 distinct provincial/territorial² health care systems. Each provincial system, however, conforms to national standards embodied in the 1984 Canada Health Act, which the federal government enforces through a system of conditional federal transfers (the Canada Health Transfer) to the provinces (Box 4.1).”

Source: Jeremia Hurley and G. Emmanuel Guindon. “Private health insurance in Canada.” In Private health insurance : history, politics and performance. Thomson, S., Sagan, A., & Mossialos, E., Eds. (2020). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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World Health Systems Facts is a project of the Real Reporting Foundation. We provide reliable statistics and other data from authoritative sources regarding health systems and policies in the US and sixteen other nations.

Page last updated September 25, 2025 by Doug McVay, Editor.